A cappella
无伴奏合唱（阿卡贝拉）
A way of singing. From the Italian for "in the manner of the chapel". It means singing with voices only, without any instruments.
一种演唱方式。源自意大利语，意为“按教堂（唱诗班）的方式”。指只用人声演唱，没有任何乐器伴奏。
A Reference Lexicon of Musical Terms for International Students
无伴奏合唱（阿卡贝拉）
A way of singing. From the Italian for "in the manner of the chapel". It means singing with voices only, without any instruments.
一种演唱方式。源自意大利语，意为“按教堂（唱诗班）的方式”。指只用人声演唱，没有任何乐器伴奏。
回原速
A tempo marking. Italian for "at the speed". It means: go back to the normal speed after a change.
一种速度术语。意大利语，意为“按原来的速度”。表示速度变化之后，回到原来的速度。
渐快
A tempo marking. It means: gradually get faster. Short form: accel.
一种速度术语。表示慢慢地变快。缩写：accel.
重音
A music symbol (an articulation mark), written as > above or below a note. It tells you to play or sing that note louder or stronger than the notes around it.
一种音乐记号（奏法记号），写作 >，标在音符的上方或下方。表示这个音要比旁边的音更响、更有力。
加重音
An articulation marking (it tells you how to play the notes). Italian for "accented". It means: play with accents, stressing the notes.
一种奏法术语（告诉你怎样演奏音符）。意大利语，意为“加重音的”。表示加上重音来演奏，突出每个音。
临时记号
A music symbol: a sharp (♯), flat (♭), or natural (♮) written before a note. It raises, lowers, or cancels the pitch of that note, apart from the key signature. It lasts until the end of the bar.
一种音乐记号：写在音符前的升号（♯）、降号（♭）或还原号（♮）。它在调号之外把这个音升高、降低或还原，一直有效到这一小节结束。
伴奏
A supporting part in a piece of music. It plays together with a soloist or a main melody and gives harmony and rhythm. It can be played by a piano, a guitar, a band, or a backing track.
音乐中起支持作用的部分。它和独奏者或主旋律一起演奏，提供和声与节奏。可以由钢琴、吉他、乐队或伴奏音轨来完成。
和弦
A French word for "chord".
法语里的“和弦”。
柔板
A tempo marking. From the Italian for "at ease". It means: slow and calm.
一种速度术语。源自意大利语，意为“从容地”。表示慢而平静。
激动地
An expression marking (it tells you the mood of the music). It means: agitated, restless, and excited.
一种表情术语（告诉你音乐的情绪）。表示激动、不安、兴奋地演奏。
歌调；咏调
A song-like piece or movement with a simple, singing melody. In the Baroque, an air was often a calm, slow movement in a Suite, such as the famous Air from Bach's Orchestral Suite No. 3 ("Air on the G String"). In French, air also means a song or an aria. Compare Aria.
一首像歌一样的乐曲或乐章，旋律简单、如歌。在巴洛克时期，air 常常是 Suite（组曲）里一个平静、缓慢的乐章，例如巴赫《第三号管弦乐组曲》中有名的《咏叹调》（《G弦上的咏叹调》）。在法语里，air 也指歌曲或咏叹调。比较 Aria。
快板
A tempo marking. From the Italian for "cheerful". It means: fast and lively.
一种速度术语。源自意大利语，意为“愉快的”。表示快而活泼。
阿勒曼德
A Baroque dance in four beats (4/4) at a moderate speed, usually the first dance of a Suite. French for "German" (dance). It often starts with a short upbeat and has flowing, running notes.
巴洛克时期的一种四拍子（4/4）舞曲，中等速度，通常是 Suite（组曲）里的第一首舞曲。法语，意为“德国的（舞曲）”。它常常用一个短小的弱起开始，音符流动、连绵不断。
女低音；中音
A type of voice, and a name for middle-range instruments. From the Italian for "high". It is the lower of the two main women's (or children's) voices, between soprano and tenor. Middle-range instruments also use this name, such as the alto saxophone.
一种声部，也用来称呼中音区的乐器。源自意大利语，意为“高的”。它是女声（或童声）中较低的声部，在女高音和男高音之间。音区居中的乐器也用这个名字，例如中音萨克斯管。
行板
A tempo marking. From the Italian for "going". It means: at a calm walking speed, a little slow.
一种速度术语。源自意大利语，意为“走着的”。表示像平静地走路一样的速度，稍慢。
颂歌；国歌
A type of song for a special group or occasion. A national anthem is the official song of a country. In English church music, an anthem is a choir piece on an English religious text (for example by Purcell or Handel).
一种为特别的团体或场合写的歌。国歌是一个国家的正式歌曲。在英国教堂音乐里，anthem 指用英语宗教歌词写的合唱作品（例如珀塞尔或亨德尔的作品）。
用弓
A playing instruction for string players. Italian for "bow". It means: play with the bow again, usually after pizzicato.
给弦乐演奏者的演奏指示。意大利语，意为“弓”。表示重新用弓拉，通常出现在拨弦之后。
咏叹调
A song for one singer with accompaniment, in an opera, Oratorio, cantata, or Passion. Italian for "air" (tune); compare Air. Here the story stops, and the singer shows his or her feelings with a beautiful melody. It often comes after a Recitative.
歌剧、清唱剧、康塔塔或受难曲中由一位歌手演唱、有伴奏的歌曲。意大利语，意为“曲调”。这时故事停下来，歌手用优美的旋律表达自己的感情。它常常出现在 Recitative（宣叙调）之后。
琶音（分解和弦）
A way of playing a chord. From the Italian arpeggiare, "to play the harp". The notes of the chord are played one after another, not all at the same time.
一种演奏和弦的方法。源自意大利语 arpeggiare，意为“像弹竖琴一样”。把和弦里的音一个接一个地奏出，而不是同时奏响。
编曲
A new version of a piece of music. Someone changes an existing piece so that different voices or instruments can perform it, or so that it is in a different style.
一首乐曲的新版本。有人把一首已有的乐曲改写，让不同的人声或乐器来表演，或者换一种风格。
无调性
A way of composing music. Atonal music has no key and no "home" note; all twelve notes are equally important.
一种作曲方式。无调性的音乐没有调，也没有“家”（主音）；十二个音都一样重要。
表情
A German word used in expression markings. It means "expression"; mit Ausdruck means "with expression".
用在表情术语里的德语词。意为“表情”；mit Ausdruck 意为“有表情地”。
芭蕾舞剧
A stage genre in which a story is told through dance and music, without words. Famous examples: Tchaikovsky's Swan Lake and The Nutcracker, Stravinsky's The Rite of Spring.
一种舞台体裁：用舞蹈和音乐来讲故事，没有歌词或对白。有名的例子：柴可夫斯基的《天鹅湖》和《胡桃夹子》、斯特拉文斯基的《春之祭》。
乐队；管乐队
A group of musicians who play together. In pop, rock, and jazz, a band is a small group, for example guitar, bass guitar, drums, and voice. A wind band (also called a concert band or marching band) is like an orchestra without strings: only woodwind, brass, and percussion instruments. A brass band has only brass and percussion. Compare Orchestra.
一组一起演奏的音乐人。在流行、摇滚和爵士音乐里，乐队是一个小组，例如吉他、电贝斯、架子鼓和歌手。管乐队（也叫音乐会管乐团或行进乐队）就像没有弦乐的管弦乐团：只有木管、铜管和打击乐器。铜管乐队只有铜管和打击乐器。比较 Orchestra（管弦乐团）。
小节线
A music symbol: a vertical line on the staff. It divides the music into bars (measures).
一种音乐记号：谱表上的竖线。它把音乐分成一个一个的小节。
巴洛克时期
A period of Western music history, from about 1600 to 1750. Bach, Handel, and Vivaldi are famous Baroque composers.
西方音乐历史上的一个时期，大约从1600年到1750年。巴赫、亨德尔和维瓦尔第是这个时期有名的作曲家。
低音；男低音；贝斯
The lowest part in a piece of music. It is also the name of the lowest men's voice, and a short name for the double bass or the bass guitar.
音乐中最低的声部。也是最低男声的名字，还是低音提琴或电贝斯的简称。
通奏低音
The accompaniment part in almost all Baroque music. Italian for "continuous bass". A bass instrument (such as a cello) plays the bass line, and a chord instrument (such as a harpsichord or an organ) adds chords on top, often reading numbers written under the bass notes (figured bass). Also called continuo.
几乎所有巴洛克音乐中的伴奏声部。意大利语，意为“持续的低音”。一件低音乐器（例如大提琴）演奏低音线条，一件和弦乐器（例如羽管键琴或管风琴）在上面加上和弦，常常看着写在低音下面的数字（数字低音）来演奏。也叫 continuo。
拍子
The basic unit of time in music. It is the steady pulse that you can tap your foot to.
音乐中最基本的时间单位。它是稳定的律动，你可以跟着它用脚打拍子。
二部曲式
A musical form (the plan of how a piece is built). It has two main sections, A and B, and each section is often repeated (AABB).
一种曲式（乐曲的结构安排）。它有A和B两个主要部分，每个部分常常反复（AABB）。
蓝调音
A note sung or played a little lower than usual, to give a sad, expressive sound. In a major key, the 3rd, 5th, and 7th notes of the scale are often "bent" down. It is typical of Blues and Jazz.
唱或奏得比平常稍低一点的音，听起来悲伤、有表情。在大调里，音阶的第三、第五和第七个音常常被“压低”。它是 Blues（布鲁斯）和 Jazz（爵士乐）的典型特点。
布鲁斯（蓝调）
A music style that began in the African American communities of the southern USA around 1900. It often uses a 12-bar chord pattern and Blue notes, and its songs often sing about sadness and hard times. Blues is a root of jazz, rock, and pop.
大约1900年在美国南部非裔美国人社区产生的一种音乐风格。它常常用12小节的和弦进行和 Blue note（蓝调音），歌曲常常唱悲伤和艰难的生活。布鲁斯是爵士乐、摇滚乐和流行音乐的根源之一。
布列舞曲
A quick, cheerful Baroque dance in two beats (2/2), starting with a short upbeat. It came from a French folk dance and is an optional dance in a Suite.
巴洛克时期的一种快速、欢快的二拍子（2/2）舞曲，用一个短小的弱起开始。它来自法国的民间舞蹈，是 Suite（组曲）里可以选用的舞曲。
桥段
A section of a song. It sounds different from the verse and the chorus and connects two parts, usually after the second chorus.
歌曲中的一个段落。它听起来和主歌、副歌都不一样，用来连接两个部分，通常在第二次副歌之后。
终止式
A chord progression at the end of a phrase. Its two chords make the music sound finished or paused, like punctuation at the end of a sentence.
乐句结尾的和弦进行。它的两个和弦让音乐听起来结束了或停一下，就像句子最后的标点符号。
卡农
A type of piece, and a composing technique. One part starts a melody, and the other parts copy it exactly, starting a little later, like a round.
一种乐曲，也是一种作曲方法。一个声部先开始旋律，其他声部晚一点进入，完全模仿它，就像轮唱一样。
如歌地
An expression marking. Italian for "singable". It means: play in a singing style, smooth and expressive.
一种表情术语。意大利语，意为“可以唱的”。表示像唱歌一样，流畅而有表情地演奏。
康塔塔
A music genre (a type of piece) for voices and instruments. From the Italian for "sung". It has several movements, such as Recitatives, Arias, choruses, and often a Chorale, and it often has a religious text. Bach wrote more than 200 cantatas.
一种音乐体裁（乐曲的种类），为人声和乐器而写。源自意大利语，意为“唱的”。它有好几个乐章，例如 Recitative（宣叙调）、Aria（咏叹调）、合唱，常常还有 Chorale（众赞歌），歌词常常和宗教有关。巴赫写了两百多首康塔塔。
定旋律
A composing technique in early music. Latin for "fixed song". An existing melody, often a Gregorian chant, is used as the base of a new polyphonic piece.
早期音乐中的一种作曲方法。拉丁语，意为“固定的歌”。用一条已有的旋律（常常是圣咏）做新的复调作品的基础。
恰空
A music genre of the Baroque: a slow piece in three beats, built on a chord pattern (or bass line) that repeats again and again, with variations above it. It is very close to the Passacaglia. Famous example: the Chaconne from Bach's Partita in D minor for solo violin.
巴洛克时期的一种音乐体裁：三拍子的慢曲，建立在一个不断反复的和弦进行（或低音线条）上，上面是变奏。它和 Passacaglia（帕萨卡利亚）很接近。有名的例子：巴赫《d小调无伴奏小提琴帕蒂塔》里的《恰空》。
室内乐
A music genre for a small group of players, with one player on each part. It is made for a room rather than a big concert hall.
一种音乐体裁，为小型乐团而写，每个声部只有一个人。它适合在房间里演奏，而不是在大音乐厅。
歌唱；圣咏
A French word for "singing" or "song". Careful: in English, a chant is a simple sung prayer, such as Gregorian chant.
法语里的“歌唱”或“歌曲”。注意：在英语里，chant 指简单的宗教吟唱，例如格里高利圣咏。
合唱团
A group of singers who sing together, usually in several parts.
一群一起唱歌的人，通常分成几个声部。
合唱的
A word that describes music for a choir, as in "choral music". Do not mix it up with Chorale (a church hymn). Careful: in German, Choral means a chorale.
用来形容合唱团音乐的词，例如“choral music”（合唱音乐）。不要和 Chorale（众赞歌）弄混。注意：在德语里，Choral 指的是众赞歌。
众赞歌
A type of Hymn: a simple church song of the German Lutheran Church, sung by everyone together. Bach used many chorales in his cantatas and Passions, usually in four-part harmony.
一种赞美诗：德国路德宗教会里大家一起唱的简单歌曲。巴赫在他的康塔塔和受难曲里用了很多众赞歌，通常写成四声部和声。
众赞歌前奏曲
A music genre of the Baroque: an organ piece based on a Chorale melody. It was played in church before everyone sang the chorale. Bach wrote many chorale preludes.
巴洛克时期的一种音乐体裁：以 Chorale（众赞歌）旋律为基础的管风琴曲。在教堂里，大家唱众赞歌之前先演奏它。巴赫写了很多众赞歌前奏曲。
和弦
A group of notes: three or more notes sounding at the same time.
一组音：三个或更多的音同时响起。
副歌；合唱
A section of a song: the main part that comes back with the same words each time. It can also mean a large group of singers.
歌曲中的一个段落：每次歌词都一样、反复出现的主要部分。也可以指一大群歌手。
半音的
A word that describes notes and scales. Chromatic music moves by semitones and uses notes from outside the key.
用来形容音和音阶的词。半音的音乐按半音进行，也会用到调外面的音。
古典时期
A period of Western music history, from about 1750 to 1820 (Haydn, Mozart, early Beethoven). In everyday speech, "classical music" also means Western art music in general.
西方音乐历史上的一个时期，大约从1750年到1820年（海顿、莫扎特、早期贝多芬）。平时说话时，“古典音乐”也泛指西方的严肃音乐。
击弦古钢琴
A small, very quiet keyboard instrument, used from the Middle Ages to the 18th century. When you press a key, a small metal blade hits the string and stays on it, so the player can make the sound a little louder or softer, and even make it shake gently. It was mostly played at home.
从中世纪到18世纪使用的一种小型、声音很轻的键盘乐器。按下琴键时，一个小金属片打到琴弦上并停在那里，所以演奏者可以让声音稍强或稍弱，甚至让它轻轻颤动。它主要在家里演奏。
谱号
A music symbol at the start of the staff. It shows which notes the lines and spaces stand for, for example the treble clef and the bass clef. The word comes from the French for "key".
写在谱表开头的音乐记号。它表示每条线和每个间代表哪个音，例如高音谱号和低音谱号。这个词来自法语，意为“钥匙”。
尾声
A section of a piece: an extra ending at the very end. Italian for "tail".
乐曲中的一个段落：最后加上的结尾部分。意大利语，意为“尾巴”。
用弓杆
A playing instruction for string players. Italian for "with the wood". It means: tap or play the string with the wooden side of the bow.
给弦乐演奏者的演奏指示。意大利语，意为“用木头”。表示用弓的木头部分敲或拉琴弦。
作曲家
A person who is the author of a piece of music.
一个人，他（她）是音乐作品的作者。
带着；用
A small Italian word used in performance markings. It means "with", as in con brio (with spirit).
用在演奏术语里的意大利语小词。意为“带着”，例如 con brio（有活力地）。
协奏曲
A music genre: a piece for a soloist (such as a piano or a violin) and an orchestra, usually in three movements (fast–slow–fast). The soloist and the orchestra take turns and play together. Famous examples: Vivaldi's The Four Seasons, Mozart, Beethoven. See also Concerto grosso.
一种音乐体裁：为一位独奏者（例如钢琴或小提琴）和乐队写的作品，通常有三个乐章（快–慢–快）。独奏者和乐队轮流演奏，也一起演奏。有名的例子：维瓦尔第的《四季》、莫扎特、贝多芬。另见 Concerto grosso。
大协奏曲
A music genre of the Baroque: a piece in which a small group of soloists (the concertino) plays against the full string orchestra (the ripieno or Tutti). Italian for "big concerto". Famous examples: Corelli, Handel, Bach's Brandenburg Concertos.
巴洛克时期的一种音乐体裁：一小组独奏者（concertino，主奏部）和整个弦乐队（ripieno 或 Tutti，全奏部）对比演奏的作品。意大利语，意为“大协奏曲”。有名的例子：科雷利、亨德尔、巴赫的《勃兰登堡协奏曲》。
指挥
A person who leads an orchestra or a choir. With hand movements or a baton, he or she shows the tempo and the mood.
带领乐团或合唱团的人。他（她）用手势或指挥棒告诉大家速度和情绪。
协和
A quality of sound: notes that sound stable and pleasant together, such as an octave or a fifth.
一种声音效果：几个音一起响起时听起来稳定、好听，例如八度或五度。
器乐小合奏
A small group of instruments, especially in the Renaissance and early Baroque, for example a consort of viols or recorders.
一小组乐器，特别是在文艺复兴和早期巴洛克时期，例如一组维奥尔琴或竖笛。
当代的
A word for the music of our own time, written from about the late 20th century until today.
指我们这个时代的音乐，大约从20世纪后期一直到今天。
连音
An ornament or articulation in French Baroque music. French for "flowed". It is a slur, or a small ornament that slides smoothly between two notes.
法国巴洛克音乐中的一种装饰音或奏法。法语，意为“流过的”。指连线，或在两个音之间平滑滑过的小装饰音。
对位
A way of writing music (a type of texture). Two or more independent melodies are played or sung at the same time.
一种写音乐的方法（一种织体）。两条或更多各自独立的旋律同时演奏或演唱。
库朗特
A Baroque dance in three beats (3/2 or 3/4), usually the second dance of a Suite. French for "running". The French courante is moderate and elegant; the Italian corrente is faster and more lively.
巴洛克时期的一种三拍子（3/2 或 3/4）舞曲，通常是 Suite（组曲）里的第二首舞曲。法语，意为“奔跑的”。法国式的库朗特速度中等、优雅；意大利式的 corrente 更快、更活泼。
渐强
A dynamic marking (it tells you how loud to play). It means: gradually get louder. Short form: cresc., or an opening "hairpin" sign (<).
一种力度术语（告诉你演奏的强弱）。表示慢慢地变强。缩写：cresc.，或者张开的“发夹”记号（<）。
从头反复
A repeat instruction in the score. Italian for "from the head". It means: go back to the beginning. Short form: D.C.
乐谱中的反复指示。意大利语，意为“从头”。表示回到乐曲的开头。缩写：D.C.
从记号处反复
A repeat instruction in the score. Italian for "from the sign". It means: go back to the segno sign and play again from there. Short form: D.S.
乐谱中的反复指示。意大利语，意为“从记号处”。表示回到记号的地方，从那里再演奏。缩写：D.S.
渐弱
A dynamic marking. It means: gradually get softer. Short form: decresc., or a closing "hairpin" sign (>).
一种力度术语。表示慢慢地变弱。缩写：decresc.，或者合起来的“发夹”记号（>）。
自然音的
A word that describes notes and scales. Diatonic music uses only the seven notes of a major or minor scale, without extra sharps or flats.
用来形容音和音阶的词。自然音的音乐只用大调或小调音阶里的七个音，不加别的升号或降号。
渐弱
A dynamic marking. It means: gradually get softer, the same as decrescendo. Short form: dim.
一种力度术语。表示慢慢地变弱，和 decrescendo 一样。缩写：dim.
高音声部；迪斯康特
A voice part, and a style of early singing. It is a melody sung above the main tune. In the Middle Ages it was also a style of part-singing in which the voices moved note against note.
一个声部，也是一种早期的唱法。它是唱在主旋律上方的旋律。在中世纪，也指一种多声部唱法，各个声部一个音对一个音地进行。
不协和
A quality of sound: notes that sound tense or clashing together and seem to need to move on, such as a second or a tritone.
一种声音效果：几个音一起响起时听起来紧张、互相冲突，好像还需要继续走下去，例如二度或三全音。
十二音音乐
Another name for the twelve-tone system. From the Greek for "twelve sounds". A way of composing, created by Schoenberg, in which all twelve notes are used in a fixed order (a tone row). See Twelve-tone system.
十二音体系的另一个名字。来自希腊语，意为“十二个音”。勋伯格创立的一种作曲方法，十二个音按固定的顺序（音列）使用。见 Twelve-tone system。
柔和地
An expression marking. Italian for "sweet". It means: play softly and sweetly.
一种表情术语。意大利语，意为“甜的”。表示柔和、甜美地演奏。
属音
A scale degree: the fifth note (V) of a scale, or the chord built on it. It pulls strongly back to the tonic.
一个音阶级数：音阶的第五个音（V级），或在它上面建立的和弦。它很想回到主音。
重降号
A music symbol that looks like two flats (♭♭). It lowers a note by two semitones (one whole tone).
一种音乐记号，样子像两个降号（♭♭）。它把一个音降低两个半音（一个全音）。
重升号
A music symbol that looks like a small x. It raises a note by two semitones (one whole tone).
一种音乐记号，样子像一个小 x。它把一个音升高两个半音（一个全音）。
柔和地
An expression marking in French scores. It means "soft" or "sweet", like the Italian dolce.
法语乐谱里的一种表情术语。意为“柔和的、甜的”，和意大利语 dolce 一样。
持续音
A long, held sound under the music: one note (or two notes) held or repeated for a long time, as on bagpipes.
音乐下面长长的持续声音：一个音（或两个音）一直保持或反复，就像风笛那样。
二重唱；二重奏
A piece for two performers, or the two performers themselves.
由两个人表演的作品，也可以指这两位表演者。
大调
A German word for "major", used in key names, as in C-Dur (C major).
德语里的“大调”，用在调名里，例如 C-Dur（C大调）。
力度
A musical element: how loud or soft the music is. Dynamic markings such as p and f show it in the score.
音乐的一个要素：音乐有多强或多弱。乐谱中用 p、f 等力度记号来表示。
合奏组；重奏
A group of musicians. From the French for "together". It can also mean how well the players perform together.
一组音乐人。源自法语，意为“一起”。也可以指大家一起表演时配合得好不好。
富有表情地
An expression marking. It means: play with feeling and expression. Short form: espr.
一种表情术语。表示带着感情、有表情地演奏。缩写：espr.
练习曲
A type of piece written to practise one playing skill, such as fast scales or octaves. French for "study". Chopin and Liszt wrote études that are also great concert pieces.
一种为练习某一种演奏技巧（例如快速音阶或八度）而写的乐曲。法语，意为“学习”。肖邦和李斯特写的练习曲也是很好的音乐会作品。
幻想曲
A type of instrumental piece with a free form. Italian for "fantasy" or "imagination". The composer follows his or her imagination instead of a fixed plan, so it can sound like an improvisation.
一种曲式自由的器乐曲。意大利语，意为“幻想”或“想象”。作曲家跟着自己的想象写，而不是按固定的结构，所以听起来像即兴演奏。
延长记号
A music symbol: an arc with a dot, written over a note or a rest. It means: hold it longer than its normal length.
一种音乐记号：一个弧线加一个点，写在音符或休止符上方。表示比原来的长度保持得更久。
结束
An instruction in the score. Italian for "end". It shows where the piece finishes after a repeat, as in D.C. al Fine.
乐谱中的一个指示。意大利语，意为“结束”。表示反复以后乐曲在哪里结束，例如 D.C. al Fine。
降号
A music symbol (♭). It lowers a note by a semitone. Singing "flat" also means singing a little too low.
一种音乐记号（♭）。它把一个音降低一个半音。唱得有点太低，也叫 flat。
曲式
The structure (plan) of a piece of music: how its sections are arranged, such as ABA.
一首音乐的结构（安排）：各个部分怎样排列，例如 ABA。
强
A dynamic marking, written f. Italian for "strong". It means: loud.
一种力度记号，写作 f。意大利语，意为“强的”。表示强（大声）。
很强
A dynamic marking, written ff. It means: very loud.
一种力度记号，写作 ff。表示很强（很大声）。
突强
A dynamic marking, written fz. Italian for "forcing". It means: a sudden, strong accent on one note, almost the same as Sforzando.
一种力度记号，写作 fz。意大利语，意为“用力”。表示在一个音上突然加强，和 Sforzando 差不多。
突强
A dynamic marking, written fz. Italian for "forced". It means the same as Forzando: a sudden, strong accent on one note.
一种力度记号，写作 fz。意大利语，意为“被用力的”。和 Forzando 意思一样：在一个音上突然加强。
赋格
A musical form and a composing technique. A short theme (the subject) enters in one part after another and is developed in counterpoint. Bach wrote many fugues.
一种曲式，也是一种作曲方法。一个短小的主题在各个声部一个接一个地出现，并用对位的方法发展。巴赫写了很多赋格。
维奥尔琴家族
A short name for the viola da gamba family: old bowed string instruments held on or between the legs. See Viola da gamba family.
viola da gamba 家族的简称：放在腿上或两腿之间演奏的古老弓弦乐器。见 Viola da gamba family。
音阶
A French word for "scale".
法语里的“音阶”。
加沃特
A Baroque dance in two beats (2/2 or 4/4) at a moderate speed. Its phrases typically begin in the middle of the bar, with two upbeat notes. It is an optional dance in a Suite, often placed before the gigue.
巴洛克时期的一种二拍子（2/2 或 4/4）舞曲，中等速度。它的乐句通常从小节的中间开始，有两个弱起的音。它是 Suite（组曲）里可以选用的舞曲，常常放在吉格之前。
实用音乐
A type of music from the 1920s, linked with Hindemith. German for "music for use". It is music written for practical use, for example for schools or amateurs.
20世纪20年代的一种音乐，和欣德米特有关。德语，意为“有用的音乐”。它是为实际用途写的音乐，例如给学校或业余爱好者用。
舒适地
An expression marking in German scores. It means "comfortable" or "cosy": play in a relaxed, friendly, unhurried way.
德语乐谱里的一种表情术语。意为“舒服的、温馨的”：表示用轻松、亲切、不着急的方式演奏。
整体艺术作品
An artistic idea of Richard Wagner: one "total work of art" that joins music, poetry, drama, stage painting, and movement together. German for "total work of art". Wagner wrote his music dramas (operas) following this idea.
理查德·瓦格纳的一个艺术想法：把音乐、诗歌、戏剧、舞台绘画和动作结合在一起的“整体艺术作品”。德语，意为“整体的艺术作品”。瓦格纳按照这个想法写了他的乐剧（歌剧）。
歌唱
A German word for "song" or "singing". It is used in titles and to name the voice part in a score.
德语里的“歌曲”或“歌唱”。用在作品名字里，也用来标出乐谱里的人声声部。
形态
A German word for "shape" or "form". In music, it means a musical shape that we hear as one whole, not as separate notes.
德语里的“形状”。在音乐里，指我们听成一个整体、而不是一个一个分开的音的音乐形状。
吉格
A fast, lively Baroque dance in compound time (each beat divided into three, often 6/8 or 12/8), with a skipping rhythm. It came from the English and Irish jig, and it is usually the last dance of a Suite. It is often written with imitation, like a little fugue.
巴洛克时期的一种快速、活泼的复拍子舞曲（每一拍分成三份，常常是 6/8 或 12/8），节奏像跳跃一样。它来自英国和爱尔兰的 jig（吉格舞），通常是 Suite（组曲）里的最后一首舞曲。它常常用模仿的写法，像一首小赋格。
诙谐地
An expression marking. Italian for "playful". It means: play in a playful, joyful way.
一种表情术语。意大利语，意为“好玩的”。表示好玩、快乐地演奏。
滑音
A playing technique: a quick slide from one note to another, so that you hear the notes in between.
一种演奏技巧：从一个音很快地滑到另一个音，中间的音都能听到。
格里高利圣咏
A type of old church song of the Catholic Church: one melody sung in unison, without harmony or instruments, usually to Latin words. It is named after Pope Gregory I, and it is the oldest written music of the West. Also called Plainchant.
天主教会的一种古老的教堂歌曲：大家齐唱一条旋律，没有和声，也没有乐器，歌词通常是拉丁语。它以教皇格里高利一世命名，是西方最古老的有记谱的音乐。也叫 Plainchant（素歌）。
和声
A musical element: notes sounding together, and the way chords follow each other to support a melody.
音乐的一个要素：几个音同时响起，以及和弦怎样一个接一个地进行，来支持旋律。
羽管键琴（大键琴）
A keyboard instrument, very important in the Renaissance and Baroque. When you press a key, a small pick plucks a string, so the sound is bright and short. Pressing harder does not make it louder. See also Spinet and Virginal.
一种键盘乐器，在文艺复兴和巴洛克时期非常重要。按下琴键时，一个小拨片会拨动琴弦，所以声音明亮而短。用力按也不会让声音变强。另见 Spinet 和 Virginal。
主调音乐
A type of musical texture: one main melody with chords that support it.
一种织体：一条主旋律，加上支持它的和弦。
赞美诗
A type of religious song of praise, usually with several verses sung to the same tune by everyone together. See also Chorale.
一种赞美的宗教歌曲，通常有好几段歌词，大家一起用同一个曲调来唱。另见 Chorale。
印象派的
A word for a musical style from about 1890 to 1920 (Debussy, Ravel). This style uses colourful harmonies and timbres to suggest moods and pictures.
用来形容一种音乐风格的词，大约在1890年到1920年（德彪西、拉威尔）。这种风格用丰富的和声和音色来表现气氛和画面。
即兴演奏
A way of making music: making it up on the spot while performing, without writing it down first.
一种做音乐的方式：在表演的时候当场创作，事先不写下来。
乐器配置
The choice of instruments used in a piece of music.
一首音乐中对乐器的选择：用了哪些乐器。
音程
The distance between two notes, such as a third or a fifth.
两个音之间的距离，例如三度或五度。
前奏
A section of a song: the opening part, before the main part begins.
歌曲中的一个段落：开头的部分，在主要部分开始之前。
创意曲
A type of short keyboard piece in two parts, written in Counterpoint. A short idea is imitated between the two hands. Bach wrote 15 inventions as lessons for his students.
一种短小的键盘乐曲，有两个声部，用 Counterpoint（对位）写成。一个短小的乐思在两只手之间互相模仿。巴赫写了15首创意曲，给他的学生做练习。
倒置持续音
Another name for an inverted pedal: a long note held in a high part, such as the soprano, instead of in the bass. See Inverted pedal.
inverted pedal 的另一个名字：在高声部（例如女高音）而不是在低音里保持的长音。见 Inverted pedal。
转位
A way of changing a chord or a melody. In an inverted chord, a note other than the root is in the bass. A melody turned upside down is also called an inversion.
一种改变和弦或旋律的方法。和弦转位时，低音不是根音。把旋律上下颠倒过来，也叫转位。
倒置持续音
A long note held (or repeated) in a high part, such as the soprano, while the harmony changes below it. A normal pedal note is held in the bass; an inverted pedal is held at the top. It is sometimes also called an Inverse drone. Compare Drone.
在高声部（例如女高音）里保持（或反复）的一个长音，下面的和声在变化。普通的持续音在低音声部；倒置持续音在最上面。有时也叫 Inverse drone。比较 Drone。
爵士乐
A music style that began in New Orleans (USA) in the early 20th century, from African American traditions. It uses Improvisation, Syncopation, swing rhythm, and Blue notes. Famous musicians: Louis Armstrong, Duke Ellington, Miles Davis.
20世纪初在美国新奥尔良，从非裔美国人的传统中产生的一种音乐风格。它使用 Improvisation（即兴演奏）、Syncopation（切分音）、摇摆节奏和 Blue note（蓝调音）。有名的音乐家：路易斯·阿姆斯特朗、艾灵顿公爵、迈尔斯·戴维斯。
演奏；音栓
A French word for "play" or "playing". On the organ, it also means a stop (a set of pipes).
法语里的“演奏”。在管风琴上，也指音栓（一组音管）。
调
The tonal centre of a piece: the group of notes the music is based on, named after its "home" note, such as C major. (It can also mean a key on the piano.)
一首乐曲的调性中心：音乐所用的一组音，用它的“家”（主音）来命名，例如C大调。（也可以指钢琴上的琴键。）
调号
A music symbol: the sharps or flats written at the start of each staff. It shows the key of the music.
一种音乐记号：写在每行谱表开头的升号或降号。它表示音乐是什么调。
音响
A German word for "sound": the overall sound of a chord or an instrument.
德语里的“声音”：和弦或乐器整体的声音效果。
音色
A German word for "sound colour": the same as timbre.
德语里的“声音的颜色”，和 timbre（音色）意思一样。
音色旋律
A composing technique from the early 20th century (Schoenberg, Webern). German for "sound-colour melody". A melody is passed from instrument to instrument, so the timbre changes on almost every note.
20世纪初的一种作曲方法（勋伯格、韦伯恩）。德语，意为“音色旋律”。一条旋律在不同乐器之间传来传去，几乎每个音的音色都不一样。
慢
A tempo marking in German scores. It means "slow".
德语乐谱里的一种速度术语。意为“慢”。
广板
A tempo marking. Italian for "broad". It means: very slow and broad.
一种速度术语。意大利语，意为“宽广的”。表示很慢、很宽广。
活泼地
A tempo and expression marking in German scores. It means "lively".
德语乐谱里的一种速度和表情术语。意为“活泼地”。
连奏
An articulation marking. Italian for "tied together". It means: play the notes smoothly, connected without gaps. It is often shown by a curved line (a slur).
一种奏法术语。意大利语，意为“连在一起的”。表示把音连贯地演奏，中间没有空隙。常用弧线（连线）来表示。
主导动机
A short musical theme with a meaning. German for "leading motif". In an opera or a film, it stands for a person, an object, or an idea. Wagner used it a lot.
一个有含义的短小音乐主题。德语，意为“主导动机”。在歌剧或电影里，它代表一个人物、一样东西或一个想法。瓦格纳常常使用。
慢慢地
A tempo marking in French scores. It means "slowly".
法语乐谱里的一种速度术语。意为“慢慢地”。
艺术歌曲
A music genre: a German art song for voice and piano, such as the songs of Schubert. German for "song" (plural Lieder).
一种音乐体裁：为人声和钢琴写的德国艺术歌曲，例如舒伯特的歌曲。德语，意为“歌曲”（复数是 Lieder）。
作词人
A person who is the author of the words (lyrics) of a song. Compare Composer.
一个人，他（她）是歌曲歌词的作者。比较 Composer。
歌词
The words of a song. See also Lyricist.
一首歌的词。另见 Lyricist。
牧歌
A music genre of the Renaissance: a song for several voices (usually four to six) on a non-religious poem, often about love or nature. The music often "paints" the words, for example fast notes on the word "run" (word painting). It began in Italy and later became very popular in England.
文艺复兴时期的一种音乐体裁：为几个声部（通常四到六个）写的歌，歌词是非宗教的诗，常常关于爱情或大自然。音乐常常“描绘”歌词，例如唱到“跑”这个词时用快速的音（歌词描绘）。它起源于意大利，后来在英国也非常流行。
庄严地
An expression marking. It means: majestic and grand.
一种表情术语。表示庄严、雄伟地演奏。
大调
A French word for "major", used in key names, as in do majeur (C major).
法语里的“大调”，用在调名里，例如 do majeur（C大调）。
大调；大调的
A type of scale, key, or chord. It usually sounds bright.
一种音阶、调或和弦。听起来通常比较明亮。
着重
An articulation marking. Italian for "marked". It means: play each note strongly and clearly, a little stronger than an Accent. It is shown by a sign like ^ over the note.
一种奏法术语。意大利语，意为“标记的”。表示每个音都要有力、清楚地演奏，比 Accent（重音）还要强一点。用音符上方像 ^ 的记号表示。
弥撒曲
A music genre: music for the main service of the Catholic Church. It usually has five sung parts: Kyrie, Gloria, Credo, Sanctus (with Benedictus), and Agnus Dei. Famous examples: Palestrina, Bach's Mass in B minor, Mozart. See also Requiem.
一种音乐体裁：为天主教会主要礼拜仪式写的音乐。通常有五个唱的部分：慈悲经（Kyrie）、荣耀经（Gloria）、信经（Credo）、圣哉经（Sanctus，包括降福经 Benedictus）和羔羊经（Agnus Dei）。有名的例子：帕莱斯特里纳、巴赫的《b小调弥撒》、莫扎特。另见 Requiem。
玛祖卡
A Polish folk dance in three beats (3/4), with strong accents that often fall on the second or third beat, and many dotted rhythms. Chopin wrote more than 50 mazurkas for piano.
一种三拍子（3/4）的波兰民间舞曲，重音常常落在第二拍或第三拍上，有很多附点节奏。肖邦为钢琴写了50多首玛祖卡。
小节
A unit of written music: a small section between two bar lines. It is the American word for a bar.
乐谱上的一个单位：两条小节线之间的一小段。这是美式英语里“bar”的说法。
中世纪
A period of Western music history, from about 500 to 1400. It includes Gregorian chant and early polyphony.
西方音乐历史上的一个时期，大约从500年到1400年。包括格里高利圣咏和早期的复调音乐。
旋律
A musical element: a line of single notes, one after another, that makes a tune.
音乐的一个要素：一个接一个的单音连成的曲调。
少一些
A small Italian word used in performance markings. It means "less", as in meno mosso (less movement, a little slower).
用在演奏术语里的意大利语小词。意为“少一些”，例如 meno mosso（少一些动力，稍慢一点）。
小节；节拍
A French word for "bar" (measure). En mesure means "in time", keeping the beat.
法语里的“小节”。En mesure 意为“按节拍”。
节拍
The way beats are grouped in music, for example in twos, threes, or fours. The time signature shows it.
音乐中拍子的组合方式，例如两拍一组、三拍一组或四拍一组。拍号用来表示它。
中强
A dynamic marking, written mf. Italian for "half loud". It means: moderately loud.
一种力度记号，写作 mf。意大利语，意为“一半的强”。表示中强。
中弱
A dynamic marking, written mp. Italian for "half soft". It means: moderately soft.
一种力度记号，写作 mp。意大利语，意为“一半的弱”。表示中弱。
微分音
An interval smaller than a semitone.
一种比半音还小的音程。
小调
A French word for "minor", used in key names, as in la mineur (A minor).
法语里的“小调”，用在调名里，例如 la mineur（a小调）。
简约主义
A musical style from the 1960s (Reich, Glass). It is built on short patterns repeated many times, with slow, small changes.
一种音乐风格，出现在20世纪60年代（赖希、格拉斯）。它用短小的音型反复很多次，并慢慢地做小变化。
小调；小调的
A type of scale, key, or chord. It usually sounds darker or sadder than major.
一种音阶、调或和弦。听起来通常比大调更暗或更悲伤。
小步舞曲
A graceful dance in three beats (3/4), first from the French royal court. In the Baroque it was part of the Suite; in the Classical period it was often the third movement of a symphony or a string quartet. Later it was often replaced by the Scherzo.
一种优雅的三拍子（3/4）舞曲，最早来自法国宫廷。在巴洛克时期，它是 Suite（组曲）的一部分；在古典时期，它常常是交响曲或弦乐四重奏的第三乐章。后来常常被 Scherzo（谐谑曲）代替。
中板
A tempo marking. It means: at a moderate speed, not fast and not slow.
一种速度术语。表示中等速度，不快也不慢。
小调
A German word for "minor", used in key names, as in a-Moll (A minor).
德语里的“小调”，用在调名里，例如 a-Moll（a小调）。
很；非常
A small Italian word used in performance markings. It means "very" or "much", as in molto allegro (very fast).
用在演奏术语里的意大利语小词。意为“很、非常”，例如 molto allegro（很快）。
单声部音乐
A type of musical texture: only one melody line, with no harmony, even when many people sing it together.
一种织体：只有一条旋律，没有和声，即使很多人一起唱也是这样。
经文歌
A music genre: a sacred choral piece on a religious (often Latin) text, usually without instruments. It was very important from the Middle Ages to the Baroque (Josquin, Palestrina, Bach).
一种音乐体裁：宗教性的合唱作品，歌词和宗教有关（常常是拉丁语），通常没有乐器伴奏。从中世纪到巴洛克时期非常重要（若斯坎、帕莱斯特里纳、巴赫）。
动机
A very short musical idea. It is repeated and developed in a piece.
一个很短的音乐想法。它在作品里反复出现并发展。
乐章
A part of a larger work, such as a symphony or a sonata. Each movement is complete and separate, often with its own tempo.
大型作品（例如交响曲或奏鸣曲）中的一部分。每个乐章都完整、独立，常常有自己的速度。
音乐
An art form: the art of organising sounds and silence in time.
一种艺术形式：在时间里安排声音和安静的艺术。
音乐剧
A stage genre of the 20th and 21st centuries that tells a story with songs, spoken dialogue, and dance, usually in a popular style. Famous examples: West Side Story, The Sound of Music, The Lion King. Compare Opera and Operetta.
20和21世纪的一种舞台体裁，用歌曲、说话的对白和舞蹈来讲故事，通常是流行的风格。有名的例子：《西区故事》、《音乐之声》、《狮子王》。比较 Opera（歌剧）和 Operetta（轻歌剧）。
具体音乐
A type of electronic music, started by Pierre Schaeffer in the 1940s. French for "concrete music". It is made from recordings of real-world sounds, changed and put together on tape.
一种电子音乐，由皮埃尔·舍费尔在20世纪40年代开创。法语，意为“具体的音乐”。它用录下来的真实声音，经过改变和拼接做成。
还原号
A music symbol (♮). It cancels a sharp or a flat. Natural notes are the white keys on the piano.
一种音乐记号（♮）。它用来取消升号或降号。还原的音就是钢琴上的白键。
夜曲
A music genre of the Romantic period: a calm, dreamy piano piece that suggests the night, with a singing melody over a flowing accompaniment. French for "of the night". John Field created it, and Chopin made it famous.
浪漫主义时期的一种音乐体裁：一首平静、梦幻、让人想到夜晚的钢琴曲，如歌的旋律下面是流动的伴奏。法语，意为“夜晚的”。约翰·菲尔德创立了它，肖邦让它出了名。
音符；音
A music symbol for a sound, or the sound itself. The shape of a written note shows how long it lasts. In German, Note also means a written note.
表示一个声音的音乐记号，也指这个声音本身。音符的样子表示它有多长。在德语里，Note 也指写出来的音符。
细微变化
A small change in performance. French for "shade". It is a small change in dynamics, tempo, or tone colour that adds expression.
演奏中的细小变化。法语，意为“细小的差别”。指力度、速度或音色上的小变化，让音乐更有表情。
八度
An interval: the distance from one note to the next note with the same name, higher or lower (for example C to C).
一种音程：从一个音到下一个同名的音之间的距离，向上或向下（例如从C到C）。
歌剧
A music genre: a drama in which the story is sung, with an orchestra, costumes, and scenery. From the Italian for "work".
一种音乐体裁：用唱歌来讲故事的戏剧，有乐队、服装和布景。源自意大利语，意为“作品”。
轻歌剧
A music genre: a light, funny kind of musical theatre, with songs, dances, and spoken dialogue. Italian for "little opera" (in German and French: Operette). Do not mix it up with Opera, which is usually more serious and often sung all the way through. Famous composers: Offenbach, Johann Strauss II, Lehár.
一种音乐体裁：一种轻松、有趣的音乐戏剧，有歌曲、舞蹈和说话的对白。意大利语，意为“小歌剧”（德语和法语：Operette）。不要和 Opera（歌剧）弄混：歌剧通常更严肃，常常从头唱到尾。有名的作曲家：奥芬巴赫、小约翰·施特劳斯、莱哈尔。
清唱剧（神剧）
A music genre: a large work for soloists, choir, and orchestra that tells a story, usually from the Bible. It is like an opera, but without costumes, scenery, or acting. It has Recitatives, Arias, and choruses. Famous example: Handel's Messiah.
一种音乐体裁：为独唱者、合唱团和乐队写的大型作品，讲述一个故事，通常来自《圣经》。它像歌剧，但没有服装、布景和表演动作。它有 Recitative（宣叙调）、Aria（咏叹调）和合唱。有名的例子：亨德尔的《弥赛亚》。
管弦乐团
A large group of musicians playing string, woodwind, brass, and percussion instruments.
一个大型的音乐团体，演奏弦乐、木管、铜管和打击乐器。
配器
A composing skill: deciding which instruments of the orchestra will play which parts of the music.
一种作曲技能：决定乐团里的哪些乐器演奏音乐的哪些部分。
管风琴
A keyboard instrument that makes sound by blowing air through pipes. A big church organ can have thousands of pipes, several keyboards for the hands, and a keyboard for the feet (pedals). It is very important in church music, especially in the Baroque (Bach).
一种键盘乐器，用空气吹过音管来发声。大型的教堂管风琴可以有几千根音管、好几层手键盘，还有一个用脚演奏的键盘（脚键盘）。它在教堂音乐中非常重要，特别是在巴洛克时期（巴赫）。
奥尔加农（早期复调）
A type of early polyphony from the Middle Ages (about 900 to 1250). One or more new voices are added to a Gregorian chant melody, at first moving in parallel (for example a fifth apart). It was one of the first steps from one-line music to music in several parts.
中世纪（大约900年到1250年）的一种早期复调音乐。在一条 Gregorian chant（格里高利圣咏）旋律上加上一个或更多新的声部，一开始是平行进行的（例如相隔五度）。这是音乐从单声部走向多声部的最早几步之一。
固定音型
A repeated musical pattern. From the Italian for "stubborn". A short group of notes or a rhythm is repeated again and again.
一种反复的音乐型。源自意大利语，意为“固执的”。一组短小的音或一个节奏一遍又一遍地反复。
尾奏
A section of a song: the closing part at the very end.
歌曲中的一个段落：最后的结尾部分。
序曲
A music genre: an instrumental piece played at the beginning of an opera, an oratorio, or a ballet. In the Romantic period, a concert overture is also a one-movement orchestral piece on its own. See also Sinfonia.
一种音乐体裁：在歌剧、清唱剧或芭蕾舞剧开头演奏的器乐曲。在浪漫主义时期，音乐会序曲也是一首独立的单乐章管弦乐作品。另见 Sinfonia。
帕蒂塔（组曲）
A music genre of the Baroque: another name for a Suite, a set of dances, such as Bach's partitas for solo violin and for keyboard. In earlier music it could also mean a set of variations.
巴洛克时期的一种音乐体裁：Suite（组曲）的另一个名字，指一组舞曲，例如巴赫为无伴奏小提琴和键盘写的帕蒂塔。在更早的音乐里，它也可以指一组变奏。
乐谱
A French word for "score" or "sheet music".
法语里的“总谱”或“乐谱”。
总谱
A German word for "score": the written music with all the parts together.
德语里的“总谱”：把所有声部写在一起的乐谱。
帕萨卡利亚
A music genre of the Baroque: a slow piece in three beats, built on a short bass melody that repeats again and again (a ground bass), with variations above it. It is very close to the Chaconne. Famous example: Bach's Passacaglia in C minor for organ.
巴洛克时期的一种音乐体裁：三拍子的慢曲，建立在一条不断反复的短小低音旋律（固定低音）上，上面是变奏。它和 Chaconne（恰空）很接近。有名的例子：巴赫为管风琴写的《c小调帕萨卡利亚》。
受难曲
A music genre: a large work that tells the story of the suffering and death of Jesus, such as Bach's St Matthew Passion. The story is sung in Recitatives (by the Evangelist), with Arias, Chorales, and crowd choruses (Turba).
一种音乐体裁：讲述耶稣受难和死亡故事的大型作品，例如巴赫的《马太受难曲》。故事用 Recitative（宣叙调，由福音传教士演唱）来唱，还有 Aria（咏叹调）、Chorale（众赞歌）和人群的合唱（Turba）。
休止符
A German word for "rest": a music symbol for silence. Careful: in English, a "pause" usually means a fermata.
德语里的“休止符”：表示安静的音乐记号。注意：在英语里，pause 通常指延长记号。
五声音阶的
A word that describes a scale of five notes, such as C–D–E–G–A. Pentatonic scales are very common in Chinese folk music.
用来形容由五个音组成的音阶，例如 C–D–E–G–A。五声音阶在中国民间音乐里很常见。
乐句
A short musical sentence. It is often four bars long and ends with a cadence.
一个短小的音乐“句子”。常常是四个小节长，结尾有终止式。
很弱
A dynamic marking, written pp. It means: very soft.
一种力度记号，写作 pp。表示很弱（很小声）。
弱；钢琴
A dynamic marking, written p, and also the name of an instrument. Italian for "soft". As a marking it means: soft. The instrument's name is short for pianoforte ("soft–loud").
一种力度记号，写作 p，也是一种乐器的名字。意大利语，意为“弱的”。作为记号，表示弱（小声）。乐器的名字是 pianoforte（“弱–强”）的简称。
波音；拨弦
An ornament in French Baroque music. French for "pinched". It is a mordent: a quick move to the note just below and back. It can also mean "plucked".
法国巴洛克音乐中的一种装饰音。法语，意为“捏的”。指波音：很快地到下面一个音再回来。也可以指“拨弦”。
音高
A musical element: how high or low a sound is.
音乐的一个要素：声音有多高或多低。
音类
A music theory term: all the notes with the same name, in any octave. For example, every C belongs to the pitch class C.
一个乐理术语：所有同名的音，不管在哪个八度。例如，每一个C都属于音类C。
更
A small Italian word used in performance markings. It means "more", as in più forte (louder).
用在演奏术语里的意大利语小词。意为“更”，例如 più forte（更强）。
拨弦
A playing instruction for string players. Italian for "plucked". It means: pluck the strings with a finger instead of using the bow. Short form: pizz.
给弦乐演奏者的演奏指示。意大利语，意为“拨的”。表示用手指拨弦，不用弓。缩写：pizz.
素歌
Another name for church chant without harmony, such as Gregorian chant. See Gregorian chant.
没有和声的教堂圣咏的另一个名字，例如格里高利圣咏。见 Gregorian chant。
逐渐地
A phrase used in performance markings. Italian for "little by little", as in crescendo poco a poco.
用在演奏术语里的短语。意大利语，意为“一点一点地”，例如 crescendo poco a poco（一点一点地变强）。
波洛奈兹
A proud, stately Polish dance in three beats (3/4) at a moderate speed, with a typical rhythm at the start of the bar (long–short–short). French for "Polish". Chopin's polonaises are very famous.
一种骄傲、庄严的三拍子（3/4）波兰舞曲，中等速度，小节开头有一个典型的节奏（长–短–短）。法语，意为“波兰的”。肖邦的波洛奈兹非常有名。
复调音乐
A type of musical texture: two or more independent melodies at the same time.
一种织体：两条或更多独立的旋律同时进行。
复节奏
A rhythm technique: two or more different rhythms played at the same time, such as three beats against two.
一种节奏技巧：两种或更多不同的节奏同时演奏，例如三拍对两拍。
多调性
A way of composing: music in two or more keys at the same time.
一种作曲方式：同时使用两个或更多调的音乐。
流行音乐
A popular music style made for a wide audience, with catchy melodies, simple harmonies, and usually a verse–chorus form. It is spread by recordings, radio, and the internet.
一种流行音乐风格，为广大听众而写，旋律好记，和声简单，通常用主歌–副歌的结构。它通过唱片、电台和网络传播。
次断奏
An articulation marking. It means: the notes are slightly separated but still gentle, between legato and staccato.
一种奏法术语。表示音和音稍微分开，但仍然柔和，在连奏和断奏之间。
谱表
A French word for "staff" (stave): the five lines on which music is written.
法语里的“谱表”：写音乐用的五条线。
前奏曲
A type of instrumental piece that is played before something else, often before a fugue. Latin for "playing before"; in English it is called a prelude. Baroque composers such as Buxtehude and Bach wrote many for organ and harpsichord. Also spelled Preludium.
一种在别的乐曲之前演奏的器乐曲，常常在赋格之前。拉丁语，意为“前面的演奏”；英语叫 prelude。布克斯特胡德和巴赫等巴洛克作曲家为管风琴和羽管键琴写了很多前奏曲。也写作 Preludium。
前奏曲
Another spelling of praeludium: an instrumental piece played before something else, such as a fugue. See Praeludium.
praeludium 的另一种写法：在别的乐曲（例如赋格）之前演奏的器乐曲。见 Praeludium。
急板
A tempo marking. Italian for "quick". It means: very fast.
一种速度术语。意大利语，意为“快的”。表示非常快。
渐慢
A tempo marking. It means: gradually get slower. Short form: rall.
一种速度术语。表示慢慢地变慢。缩写：rall.
宣叙调
A way of singing in opera, Oratorio, cantata, and Passion that sounds close to speaking. The words tell the story and move it forward, with a very simple accompaniment, often only harpsichord and cello. It usually comes just before an Aria.
歌剧、清唱剧、康塔塔和受难曲里的一种唱法，听起来很像说话。歌词讲述故事，让故事向前发展，伴奏很简单，常常只有羽管键琴和大提琴。它通常出现在 Aria（咏叹调）之前。
竖笛（直笛）
A woodwind instrument that you blow at one end and hold straight down. It has finger holes and comes in many sizes (soprano, alto, tenor, bass). It was very popular in the Renaissance and Baroque, and today it is often played in schools.
一种木管乐器，从一端吹，竖着拿。它有指孔，有很多不同的大小（高音、中音、次中音、低音）。在文艺复兴和巴洛克时期非常流行，今天学校里也常常演奏。
叠句；副歌
A section of a song or piece: a line or part that comes back again and again.
歌曲或乐曲中的一个段落：一次又一次回来的句子或部分。
簧管小风琴（瑞格尔琴）
A small organ that can be carried, used in the Renaissance and early Baroque. Instead of normal pipes, it uses short reeds, which give it a buzzing, nasal sound. Monteverdi used it in his opera L'Orfeo.
文艺复兴和早期巴洛克时期一种可以搬动的小型管风琴。它不用普通的音管，而是用短小的簧片，所以声音有点嗡嗡的、带鼻音。蒙特威尔第在他的歌剧《奥菲欧》里用过它。
文艺复兴时期
A period of Western music history, from about 1400 to 1600. From the French for "rebirth". It is known for its choral polyphony (Josquin, Palestrina).
西方音乐历史上的一个时期，大约从1400年到1600年。源自法语，意为“重生”。这个时期以合唱复调音乐出名（若斯坎、帕莱斯特里纳）。
安魂曲
A music genre: a Mass for the dead. Latin for "rest"; it is named after its first words, Requiem aeternam ("eternal rest"). Famous examples: Mozart, Verdi, Fauré.
一种音乐体裁：为死者写的 Mass（弥撒曲）。拉丁语，意为“安息”；它以开头的歌词 Requiem aeternam（“永远的安息”）命名。有名的例子：莫扎特、威尔第、福雷。
休止符
A music symbol for silence. Each type of rest shows how long the silence lasts.
表示安静的音乐记号。不同的休止符表示安静的时间有多长。
狂想曲
A music genre: a one-movement piece in a free form, full of strong contrasts and feelings, often using folk melodies. Famous examples: Liszt's Hungarian Rhapsodies, Gershwin's Rhapsody in Blue.
一种音乐体裁：单乐章、曲式自由的作品，充满强烈的对比和感情，常常用民间旋律。有名的例子：李斯特的《匈牙利狂想曲》、格什温的《蓝色狂想曲》。
节奏
A musical element: the pattern of long and short sounds and silences in music.
音乐的一个要素：音乐中长的、短的声音和安静组成的样子。
渐慢
A tempo marking. It means: gradually get slower, almost the same as rallentando. Short form: rit.
一种速度术语。表示慢慢地变慢，和 rallentando 差不多。缩写：rit.
立即放慢
A tempo marking. Italian for "held back". It means: slow down at once, not gradually like Ritardando. Short form: riten.
一种速度术语。意大利语，意为“拉住的”。表示马上放慢，不像 Ritardando 那样慢慢地变慢。缩写：riten.
摇滚乐
A popular music style from the 1950s and 1960s, built on electric guitar, bass guitar, drums, and strong vocals, with a strong beat. It grew out of Blues and rock and roll. Famous bands: The Beatles, Queen.
20世纪50和60年代出现的一种流行音乐风格，以电吉他、电贝斯、架子鼓和有力的歌声为基础，节奏很强。它是从 Blues（布鲁斯）和摇滚乐（rock and roll）发展来的。有名的乐队：披头士、皇后乐队。
浪漫主义时期
A period of Western music history, from about 1820 to 1900 (Schubert, Chopin, Tchaikovsky). Its music is full of strong feelings and big contrasts.
西方音乐历史上的一个时期，大约从1820年到1900年（舒伯特、肖邦、柴可夫斯基）。这个时期的音乐充满强烈的感情和很大的对比。
回旋曲
A musical form. The main theme (A) keeps coming back between different sections: ABACA.
一种曲式。主要的主题（A）在不同的段落之间不断回来：ABACA。
自由速度
A tempo and expression marking. Italian for "robbed". It means: freely speed up and slow down to make the music more expressive.
一种速度和表情术语。意大利语，意为“偷来的”。表示为了更有表情，自由地加快和放慢速度。
萨克布号（早期长号）
A brass instrument of the Renaissance and Baroque: the early form of the trombone. It has a slide to change the notes, and a softer, rounder sound than a modern trombone.
文艺复兴和巴洛克时期的一种铜管乐器：长号的早期形式。它用滑管来改变音高，声音比现代长号更柔和、更圆润。
萨拉班德
A slow, serious Baroque dance in three beats (3/4 or 3/2), often with a stress on the second beat. It came from Spain and Latin America, and it is usually the slow heart of a Suite.
巴洛克时期的一种缓慢、庄重的三拍子（3/4 或 3/2）舞曲，重音常常在第二拍上。它来自西班牙和拉丁美洲，通常是 Suite（组曲）里最慢、最核心的一首。
乐章
A German word for a "movement" of a large work. It can also mean the way a piece is written for its parts.
德语里大型作品的“乐章”。也可以指一首曲子各声部的写法。
音阶
A row of notes going up or down step by step, such as the C major scale.
一串一级一级向上或向下排列的音，例如C大调音阶。
音阶级数
A music theory term: the position of a note in a scale, numbered from 1 (the tonic) to 7. It is often written with Roman numerals I–VII.
一个乐理术语：一个音在音阶里的位置，从1（主音）到7编号，常用罗马数字 I–VII 来写。
谐谑曲
A type of fast, lively piece or movement, often in three beats. Italian for "joke". Beethoven used it instead of the Minuet in his symphonies, and Chopin wrote scherzos for piano.
一种快速、活泼的乐曲或乐章，常常是三拍子。意大利语，意为“玩笑”。贝多芬在交响曲里用它代替 Minuet（小步舞曲），肖邦也为钢琴写过谐谑曲。
总谱
A type of written music. It shows all the parts of a piece together, one above the other.
一种乐谱。它把作品的所有声部上下排在一起。
半音
An interval: the smallest step on the piano, from one key to the very next key.
一种音程：钢琴上最小的一步，从一个键到紧挨着的下一个键。
没有；不用
A small Italian word used in performance markings. It means "without", as in senza sordino (without mute).
用在演奏术语里的意大利语小词。意为“没有”，例如 senza sordino（不用弱音器）。
小夜曲
A music genre. First it was an evening song sung outside the window of someone you love. Later it became a light piece in several movements for a small group of instruments.
一种音乐体裁。最早是在心爱的人窗下唱的夜晚的歌。后来变成为小型乐队写的、轻快的多乐章作品。
序列主义
A way of composing. A fixed order (series) of notes, and sometimes of rhythms or dynamics, organises the whole piece. It grew out of the Twelve-tone system.
一种作曲方法。用固定顺序（序列）的音，有时也包括节奏或力度，来安排整首作品。它是从 Twelve-tone system（十二音体系）发展来的。
突强
A dynamic marking, written sfz or sf. Italian for "forcing". It means: a sudden, strong accent on one note. Sforzato, Forzando, and Forzato mean almost the same.
一种力度记号，写作 sfz 或 sf。意大利语，意为“用力”。表示在一个音上突然加强。Sforzato、Forzando 和 Forzato 的意思差不多。
突强
A dynamic marking, written sfz. Italian for "forced". It means the same as Sforzando: a sudden, strong accent on one note.
一种力度记号，写作 sfz。意大利语，意为“被用力的”。和 Sforzando 意思一样：在一个音上突然加强。
升号
A music symbol (♯). It raises a note by a semitone. Singing "sharp" also means singing a little too high.
一种音乐记号（♯）。它把一个音升高一个半音。唱得有点太高，也叫 sharp。
辛弗尼亚（序曲）
A music genre of the Baroque period: an instrumental piece played at the start of an opera or a cantata, like an Overture. Italian for "symphony".
巴洛克时期的一种音乐体裁：在歌剧或康塔塔开头演奏的器乐曲。意大利语，意为“交响曲”。
视唱练耳
A method of singing and ear training. It uses the syllables do, re, mi, fa, sol, la, ti (si).
一种练习唱歌和听音的方法。它用 do、re、mi、fa、sol、la、ti（si）这些音节。
独奏；独唱
A way of performing: one person performs alone. From the Italian for "alone". It can be a whole piece, or a passage in which one player stands out.
一种表演方式：一个人单独表演。源自意大利语，意为“单独的”。可以是一整首作品，也可以是其中一个人突出演奏的段落。
奏鸣曲
A music genre: a piece in several movements for one instrument, or for one instrument with piano. From the Italian for "sounded" (played).
一种音乐体裁：为一件乐器，或一件乐器加钢琴写的多乐章作品。源自意大利语，意为“奏响的”。
奏鸣曲式
A musical form, the most important one of the Classical period. It is often used in the first movement of a sonata, a symphony, or a string quartet. It has three main parts: exposition (the themes are presented), development (the themes are changed), and recapitulation (the themes come back).
一种曲式，是古典时期最重要的曲式。它常常用在奏鸣曲、交响曲或弦乐四重奏的第一乐章。它有三个主要部分：呈示部（主题出现）、展开部（主题发生变化）和再现部（主题再回来）。
声乐套曲
A music genre: a group of songs that belong together and are performed in order, often telling one story. Famous example: Schubert's Winterreise (Winter Journey). See also Lied.
一种音乐体裁：一组属于同一个整体、按顺序演唱的歌曲，常常讲述一个故事。有名的例子：舒伯特的《冬之旅》。另见 Lied。
女高音
A type of voice: the highest women's or children's voice. From the Italian for "above".
一种声部：最高的女声或童声。源自意大利语，意为“在上面的”。
保持地
An articulation marking. Italian for "sustained". It means: hold each note for its full length.
一种奏法术语。意大利语，意为“保持的”。表示把每个音都保持足够的长度。
斯皮耐琴
A small keyboard instrument of the Harpsichord family, with its strings at an angle to the keyboard. It was popular in homes in the 17th and 18th centuries.
Harpsichord（羽管键琴）家族中的一种小型键盘乐器，琴弦和键盘斜着排列。在17和18世纪很受家庭欢迎。
断奏；跳音
An articulation marking, shown by a dot above or below the note. Italian for "detached". It means: play the notes short and separated.
一种奏法记号，用音符上方或下方的小圆点表示。意大利语，意为“分开的”。表示把音奏得短而分开。
弦乐四重奏
A group of four string players (two violins, viola, cello). It is also a music genre: a piece written for them.
由四位弦乐演奏者组成的小组（两把小提琴、中提琴、大提琴）。也是一种音乐体裁：为他们写的作品。
下属音
A scale degree: the fourth note (IV) of a scale, or the chord built on it.
一个音阶级数：音阶的第四个音（IV级），或在它上面建立的和弦。
组曲
A music genre: a set of instrumental pieces played one after another. French for "following". In the Baroque it was usually a set of dances in the same key, often an Allemande, a Courante, a Sarabande, and a Gigue. Later, a suite can also be a set of pieces taken from a ballet or an opera. See also Partita.
一种音乐体裁：一组接连演奏的器乐曲。法语，意为“接下来的”。在巴洛克时期，它通常是同一个调的一组舞曲，常常有阿勒曼德、库朗特、萨拉班德和吉格。后来，组曲也可以是从芭蕾舞剧或歌剧中选出来的一组乐曲。另见 Partita。
交响诗
A music genre of the Romantic period: a one-movement orchestral piece that tells a story or paints a picture, a poem, or a place. Liszt created it; Smetana's Vltava (The Moldau) is a famous example. Also called a Tone poem.
浪漫主义时期的一种音乐体裁：一首单乐章的管弦乐作品，用来讲故事，或描绘一幅画、一首诗或一个地方。李斯特创立了这种体裁；斯美塔那的《沃尔塔瓦河》是有名的例子。也叫 Tone poem（音诗）。
交响曲
A music genre: a large piece for orchestra, usually in four movements.
一种音乐体裁：为管弦乐团写的大型作品，通常有四个乐章。
切分音
A rhythm technique: putting the accent on a weak beat or between the beats, which makes the rhythm feel surprising.
一种节奏技巧：把重音放在弱拍上或拍子之间，让节奏听起来出人意料。
小节；节拍
A German word for "bar" (measure), and also for "beat" or "meter".
德语里的“小节”，也可以指“拍子”或“节拍”。
速度
A musical element: how fast or slow the music is. Italian for "time". Tempo markings such as allegro show it in the score.
音乐的一个要素：音乐有多快或多慢。意大利语，意为“时间”。乐谱中用 allegro 等速度术语来表示。
男高音
A type of voice: the higher adult men's voice. In medieval music it was also the part that held the main melody.
一种声部：较高的成年男声。在中世纪音乐里，它也是唱主要旋律的声部。
保持音
An articulation marking, shown by a short line over the note. Italian for "held". It means: hold the note for its full length, sometimes with a little weight.
一种奏法记号，用音符上方的短横线表示。意大利语，意为“保持的”。表示把音保持足够的长度，有时稍微加重。
三部曲式
A musical form in three sections, in which the first section comes back at the end: ABA.
一种曲式，有三个部分，第一部分在最后再回来：ABA。
织体
A musical element: how the layers of sound fit together, for example one melody alone, or a melody with chords.
音乐的一个要素：一层一层的声音怎样放在一起，例如只有一条旋律，或者旋律加和弦。
主题
The main musical idea of a piece. It is often repeated or developed.
一首作品中主要的音乐想法。它常常反复或发展。
音色
A musical element: the special quality (colour) of a sound. From the French for "tone colour". Because of timbre, a flute sounds different from a violin, even on the same note. English uses the same word.
音乐的一个要素：声音特别的品质（颜色）。源自法语，意为“声音的颜色”。因为音色不同，即使是同一个音，长笛和小提琴听起来也不一样。英语也用这个词。
拍号
A music symbol: two numbers at the start of the music. The top number shows how many beats are in each bar; the bottom number shows which note gets one beat.
一种音乐记号：乐谱开头的两个数字。上面的数字表示每小节有几拍，下面的数字表示以什么音符为一拍。
托卡塔
A type of keyboard piece (for organ or harpsichord) that shows off fast fingers. Italian for "touched". It often has quick runs, big chords, and a free, exciting style, as in Bach's Toccata and Fugue in D minor.
一种键盘乐曲（为管风琴或羽管键琴而写），用来展示快速的手指技巧。意大利语，意为“触碰的”。它常常有快速的音阶、宏大的和弦和自由、激动的风格，例如巴赫的《d小调托卡塔与赋格》。
音；全音
A musical sound with a clear pitch. It is also an interval: a whole tone, which is two semitones.
有明确音高的音乐声音。也是一种音程：全音，也就是两个半音。
音诗
Another name for a symphonic poem, used especially by Richard Strauss. See Symphonic poem.
交响诗的另一个名字，理查·施特劳斯特别常用。见 Symphonic poem。
主音
A scale degree: the first note (I) of a scale. It is the "home" note of a key; the chord built on it is also called the tonic.
一个音阶级数：音阶的第一个音（I级）。它是一个调的“家”；在它上面建立的和弦叫主和弦。
音阶
A German word for "scale" (word for word: "tone ladder").
德语里的“音阶”（字面意思是“音的梯子”）。
移调
A way of changing music: moving a whole piece higher or lower into a different key.
一种改变音乐的方法：把整首音乐升高或降低，换到另一个调。
三和弦
A type of chord: three notes stacked in thirds, such as C–E–G.
一种和弦：三个音按三度叠起来，例如 C–E–G。
三重奏鸣曲
A music genre of the Baroque: a Sonata for two melody instruments (such as two violins) and Basso continuo. It has three written parts but often four players, because two people play the continuo (for example a cello and a harpsichord).
巴洛克时期的一种音乐体裁：为两件旋律乐器（例如两把小提琴）和 Basso continuo（通奏低音）写的 Sonata（奏鸣曲）。它写了三个声部，但常常有四个人演奏，因为通奏低音由两个人来演奏（例如大提琴和羽管键琴）。
游吟诗人
A type of musician: a poet-musician of southern France in the 12th and 13th centuries. Troubadours wrote and sang their own songs, often about love.
一种音乐家：12到13世纪法国南部的诗人兼音乐家。他们自己写歌、自己唱，歌曲常常关于爱情。
群众合唱
A part of a Passion: the short choruses sung by the crowd. Latin for "crowd".
受难曲中的一部分：由人群唱的短小合唱。拉丁语，意为“人群”。
全体
A performance instruction. Italian for "all". It means: everyone plays or sings together.
一种演奏指示。意大利语，意为“全部”。表示所有人一起演奏或演唱。
十二音体系
A way of composing, created by Schoenberg. All twelve notes are used in a fixed order (a tone row), so no note is more important than another. Also called Dodecaphony.
一种作曲方法，由勋伯格创立。十二个音按固定的顺序（音列）使用，没有哪个音比别的音更重要。也叫 Dodecaphony（十二音音乐）。
变奏
A changed version of a theme. The theme comes back with changes in its melody, rhythm, harmony, or texture.
主题改变后的版本。主题再出现时，在旋律、节奏、和声或织体上做了改变。
主歌
A section of a song. The music stays the same, but the words change each time.
歌曲中的一个段落。音乐不变，但每次歌词都不一样。
臂上提琴家族
A family of bowed string instruments from the Renaissance and Baroque. Italian for "viola of the arm": the higher instruments are held on the arm or the shoulder. This family grew into today's violin family (violin, viola, cello). Compare Viola da gamba family.
文艺复兴和巴洛克时期的一个弓弦乐器家族。意大利语，意为“手臂上的提琴”：较高音的乐器放在手臂或肩上演奏。这个家族后来发展成今天的提琴家族（小提琴、中提琴、大提琴）。比较 Viola da gamba family。
维奥尔琴家族
A family of old bowed string instruments, popular in the Renaissance and Baroque. Italian for "viola of the leg": all sizes, even the small ones, are held on or between the legs. They usually have six strings and frets, like a guitar. Also called viols or the gamba family. Compare Viola da braccio family.
一个古老的弓弦乐器家族，在文艺复兴和巴洛克时期很流行。意大利语，意为“腿上的提琴”：不管大小，都放在腿上或两腿之间演奏。它们通常有六根弦，指板上有品，像吉他一样。也叫 viols 或 gamba family。比较 Viola da braccio family。
维金纳琴
A small keyboard instrument of the Harpsichord family. It is shaped like a box, with its strings running from left to right. It was very popular in England in the 16th and 17th centuries.
Harpsichord（羽管键琴）家族中的一种小型键盘乐器。样子像一个盒子，琴弦从左到右排列。在16和17世纪的英国非常流行。
快
A tempo marking in French scores. It means "fast".
法语乐谱里的一种速度术语。意为“快”。
活泼的快板
A tempo marking. Italian for "lively". It means: lively and fast.
一种速度术语。意大利语，意为“活泼的”。表示活泼而快。
人声；声部
A French word for "voice", and also for a voice part in music.
法语里的“人声”，也指音乐里的声部。
圆舞曲（华尔兹）
A dance in three beats (3/4) with a strong first beat ("ONE-two-three"), in which couples turn round and round. It became very popular in 19th-century Vienna (Johann Strauss II), and Chopin wrote waltzes for piano.
一种三拍子（3/4）的舞曲，第一拍很强（“强–弱–弱”），舞伴们一圈一圈地旋转。它在19世纪的维也纳非常流行（小约翰·施特劳斯），肖邦也为钢琴写过圆舞曲。